A breeding soundness exam is an exam done on a mare or a stallion typically to evaluate for fertility.
In mares a physical and reproductive external examination is done initially. This is followed by examination of the internal aspects of vagina and cervix by use of a speculum and finally the uterus and ovaries are evaluated by ultrasonography, uterine cytology, culture and biopsies.
In stallions, a physical, behavior and external reproductive examination is initially performed followed by semen collection and microscopic semen evaluation. Additional tests such as ultrasonography of the testicles can be carried out in certain cases depending on results of the test above or on the particular use or history of the horse.